docs(英语语法): 完善核心语法与句型文档内容

添加详细的语法知识点,包括时态语态、从句分类、非谓语动词、倒装虚拟等核心内容,以及句式分析和长难句拆解策略
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# 核心语法与句型 # 核心语法与句型
- 时态与语态 ## 时态与语态
- 从句(名词性、定语、状语 - 16 种时态的构成与用法(一般/进行/完成/完成进行 × 现在/过去/将来/过去将来
- 非谓语动词与倒装虚拟 - 被动语态的转换规则与适用场景
- 句式与信息焦点(强调、分裂句 - 时态一致原则(主将从现、过去时一致等
- 情态动词 + 完成体must have done / should have done 等)的推测与虚拟含义
## 从句
### 名词性从句
- 主语从句That he failed surprised us. / Whether she comes matters.
- 宾语从句I think (that) you are right.
- 表语从句The truth is that he lied.
- 同位语从句The fact that he lied shocked us.
### 定语从句
- 限定性 vs. 非限定性
- 关系代词who / whom / whose / which / that与关系副词when / where / why
- 介词 + 关系代词the house in which I live
- 省略与替代the book (that) I bought; the place (where) we met
### 状语从句
- 时间when / while / before / after / as soon as / until
- 条件if / unless / provided that / on condition that
- 让步though / although / even if / while
- 原因because / since / as / now that
- 结果so...that / such...that
- 目的so that / in order that
- 比较than / as...as / the more...the more
## 非谓语动词
- 不定式to do作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语
- 动名词doing作主语、宾语、表语、定语
- 现在分词doing与过去分词done作定语、状语、补语、表语
- 独立主格结构with + O + OC; N + doing / done...
- 非谓语动词的时态与语态to be doing / to have done / being done / having been done
## 倒装与虚拟
### 倒装
- 否定副词置前Never have I seen...
- Only + 状语置前Only then did I realize...
- So / Such 置前So fast did he run that...
- 方位/时间副词置前Out rushed the children.
- 虚拟条件句省略 ifWere I you... / Had I known...
### 虚拟语气
- 与现在事实相反If I were you, I would...
- 与过去事实相反If I had known, I would have...
- 与将来事实相反If it should rain tomorrow...
- 省略 if 的倒装Were / Should / Had...
- 含蓄虚拟without / but for / otherwise
- 名词性从句中的虚拟insist that... (should) do; It is important that... (should) do
## 句式与信息焦点
### 强调结构
- It is / was...that / who...It was John that/who broke the window.
- 助动词 do / does / didShe did tell me the truth.
- 副词强调absolutely / definitely / simply
### 分裂句Cleft Sentence
- 主语分裂What I need is time.
- 宾语分裂What he bought was a Ferrari.
- 状语分裂Where we met was in Paris.
### 平行与省略
- 并列结构中的省略He likes tea and she coffee.
- 比较结构中的省略I like her better than him.
- 替代do / so / one / that / those
### 插入语与同位语
- 破折号、括号、逗号插入The book—which I bought yesterday—is amazing.
- 同位语短语Mr. Smith, CEO of the company, will attend.
### 长难句拆解策略
- 找谓语,定主干
- 划从句,标连接词
- 去插入,还省略
- 调语序,还原文