docs(英语语法): 完善核心语法与句型文档内容
添加详细的语法知识点,包括时态语态、从句分类、非谓语动词、倒装虚拟等核心内容,以及句式分析和长难句拆解策略
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# 核心语法与句型
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- 时态与语态
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- 从句(名词性、定语、状语)
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- 非谓语动词与倒装虚拟
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- 句式与信息焦点(强调、分裂句)
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## 时态与语态
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- 16 种时态的构成与用法(一般/进行/完成/完成进行 × 现在/过去/将来/过去将来)
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- 被动语态的转换规则与适用场景
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- 时态一致原则(主将从现、过去时一致等)
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- 情态动词 + 完成体(must have done / should have done 等)的推测与虚拟含义
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## 从句
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### 名词性从句
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- 主语从句(That he failed surprised us. / Whether she comes matters.)
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- 宾语从句(I think (that) you are right.)
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- 表语从句(The truth is that he lied.)
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- 同位语从句(The fact that he lied shocked us.)
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### 定语从句
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- 限定性 vs. 非限定性
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- 关系代词(who / whom / whose / which / that)与关系副词(when / where / why)
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- 介词 + 关系代词(the house in which I live)
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- 省略与替代(the book (that) I bought; the place (where) we met)
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### 状语从句
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- 时间(when / while / before / after / as soon as / until)
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- 条件(if / unless / provided that / on condition that)
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- 让步(though / although / even if / while)
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- 原因(because / since / as / now that)
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- 结果(so...that / such...that)
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- 目的(so that / in order that)
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- 比较(than / as...as / the more...the more)
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## 非谓语动词
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- 不定式(to do):作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语
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- 动名词(doing):作主语、宾语、表语、定语
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- 现在分词(doing)与过去分词(done):作定语、状语、补语、表语
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- 独立主格结构(with + O + OC; N + doing / done...)
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- 非谓语动词的时态与语态(to be doing / to have done / being done / having been done)
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## 倒装与虚拟
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### 倒装
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- 否定副词置前(Never have I seen...)
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- Only + 状语置前(Only then did I realize...)
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- So / Such 置前(So fast did he run that...)
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- 方位/时间副词置前(Out rushed the children.)
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- 虚拟条件句省略 if(Were I you... / Had I known...)
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### 虚拟语气
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- 与现在事实相反(If I were you, I would...)
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- 与过去事实相反(If I had known, I would have...)
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- 与将来事实相反(If it should rain tomorrow...)
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- 省略 if 的倒装(Were / Should / Had...)
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- 含蓄虚拟(without / but for / otherwise)
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- 名词性从句中的虚拟(insist that... (should) do; It is important that... (should) do)
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## 句式与信息焦点
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### 强调结构
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- It is / was...that / who...(It was John that/who broke the window.)
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- 助动词 do / does / did(She did tell me the truth.)
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- 副词强调(absolutely / definitely / simply)
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### 分裂句(Cleft Sentence)
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- 主语分裂(What I need is time.)
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- 宾语分裂(What he bought was a Ferrari.)
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- 状语分裂(Where we met was in Paris.)
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### 平行与省略
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- 并列结构中的省略(He likes tea and she coffee.)
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- 比较结构中的省略(I like her better than him.)
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- 替代(do / so / one / that / those)
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### 插入语与同位语
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- 破折号、括号、逗号插入(The book—which I bought yesterday—is amazing.)
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- 同位语短语(Mr. Smith, CEO of the company, will attend.)
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### 长难句拆解策略
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- 找谓语,定主干
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- 划从句,标连接词
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- 去插入,还省略
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- 调语序,还原文
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